Comparação de eficácia entre as sondas monocanalicular e bicanalicular no tratamento da obstrução congênita das vias lacrimais / Efficacy of monocanalicular versus bicanalicular intubation in the treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar a taxa de sucesso da intubação monocanalicular ou bicanalicular em pacientes com obstrução congênita do ducto lacrimonasal (OCDLN), levando-se em consideração a taxa de sucesso, a dificuldade do procedimento e o custo dos tubos. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente 54 prontuários, totalizando 58 vias lacrimais com diagnóstico de OCDLN, que realizaram intubação das vias lacrimais monocanalicular ou bicanalicular com tubos de silicone. Anamnese, exame oftalmológico geral, testes específicos, como o Teste do Desaparecimento do Corante (TDC) e Teste de Observação de Fluoresceína na Orofaringe (TOFO), e, caso necessário, exames complementares como a dacriocistografia, foram utilizados para diagnóstico e inclusão na pesquisa. Foram tratados com intubação os pacientes sem resposta adequada ao tratamento prévio, ou seja, que permaneceram com sintomas de secreção e epífora contínua após a realização de massagem de Crigler e sondagem. Resultados: A intubação monocanalicular foi realizada em 27 vias lacrimais e a intubação bicanalicular, em 31 vias lacrimais. A taxa de sucesso foi alta em ambos os métodos, com melhora em 26 (96,3%) vias lacrimais com sonda monocanalicular e em 30 (96,8%), com sonda bicanalicular (p=0,718). As duas técnicas apresentaram 100% de sucesso nos pacientes com até 2 anos e acima de 4 anos de idade (p=1). A taxa de sucesso entre os 2 e 4 anos de idade foi de 91,5% para as monocanaliculares e 87,5% para as bicanaliculares, (p=0,652). Conclusão: o presente estudo não mostrou diferença significativa no sucesso da intubação quando utilizando sondas mono ou bicanaliculares. A intubação monocanalicular mostrou-se de mais fácil execução, ao passo que o tubo bicanalicular possui menor custo.

Abstract Objective: to evaluate and to compare the success rate of monocanalicular or bicanalicular intubation in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNDO) carriers in terms of success rate, difficulty of the procedure, and cost of the tubes. Methods: fifty-four CNDO carriers with 58 obstructed lacrimal vies (LV) who were submitted to lacrimal system intubation using mono or bicanalicular stent had their medical records analyzed. A clinical history, a general ophthalmologic examination, specific tests such as the fluorescein dye disappearance test (FDDT) and observation test of fluorescein in the oropharynx (OTFO) were used for diagnosis and inclusion in the study. Patients who continued exhibiting discharge and continuous epiphora after previous treatment, Crigler massage and probing, were treated surgically with intubation. Results: Monocanalicular intubation was performed on 27 LV and bicanalicular intubation was performed on 31 LV. High success rates were observed, with improvement in 26 (96.3%) with monocanalicular intubation and in 30 LV (96.8%) with bicanalicular intubation (p=0.718). Furthermore, both techniques were 100% successful in patients up to 2 and over 4 years of age (p=1). The success rates between 2-4 years of age were 91.6% in monocanalicular intubation and 87.5% in bicanalicular intubation (p=0.652). Conclusion: The success rate using monocanalicular or bicanalicular intubation to treat CNDO had no significant difference in the studied children. Furthermore, the monocanalicular tube was easier to use, while the bicanalicular tube had a lower cost.

Predictors of Silicone Tube Intubation Success in Patients with Lacrimal Drainage System Stenosis

PURPOSE: To evaluate prognostic factors affecting silicone tube intubation outcomes in Asian patients with lacrimal drainage system stenosis. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on the medical records of 822 patients (1,118 eyes) who had undergone silicone tube intubation to treat lacrimal drainage system stenosis between January 2011 and December 2012. Patients were divided into two groups: a success group and a failure group. Success was defined as the disappearance of epiphora symptoms, normalization of tear meniscus height, and the easy passage of fluid without resistance on the postoperative syringing test. Patient and ocular parameters were compared between the success and failure groups. RESULTS: A total of 994 eyes of 727 patients were included in analyses. Patients had a mean follow-up period of 34.11 ± 18.70 weeks. Silicone tube intubation was successful in 67.2% of participants. Significant differences between the success and failure groups were found for age (p < 0.001), history of ipsilateral facial palsy (p = 0.028), follow-up period (p < 0.001), and degree of passage on the preoperative syringing test (p = 0.001). Only age (p < 0.001) and degree of passage on the preoperative syringing test (p = 0.002) remained significantly associated with silicone tube intubation success in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Age was negatively associated with silicone tube intubation success in patients with lacrimal drainage system stenosis. The success rate was higher in patients who showed easy passage of fluid without resistance on the preoperative syringing test. These factors should be considered by surgeons planning silicone tube intubation in patients with lacrimal drainage system stenosis.

The comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine, fentanyl and esmolol on prevention of hemodynamic response to intubation / Comparação entre os efeitos de dexmedetomidina, fentanil e esmolol na prevenção da resposta hemodinâmica à intubação / Comparación entre los efectos de la dexmedetomidina, el fentanilo y el esmolol en la prevención de la respuesta hemodinámica a la intubación

Background and objectives: Laryngoscopy and intubation can cause hemodynamic response. Various medications may be employed to control that response. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine, fentanyl and esmolol on hemodynamic response. Methods: Ninety elective surgery patients who needed endotracheal intubation who were in American Society of Anesthesiology I–II group and ages between 21 and 65 years were included in that prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressures, heart rates at the time of admittance at operation room were recorded as basal measurements. The patients were randomized into three groups: Group I (n = 30) received 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine with infusion in 10 min, Group II (n = 30) received 2 μg/kg fentanyl, Group III received 2 mg/kg esmolol 2 min before induction. The patients were intubated in 3 min. Systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressures and heart rates were measured before induction, before intubation and 1, 3, 5, 10 min after intubation. Results: When basal levels were compared with the measurements of the groups, it was found that 5 and 10 min after intubation heart rate in Group I and systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressures in Group III were lower than other measurements (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine was superior in the prevention of tachycardia. Esmolol prevented sytolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure increases following intubation. We concluded that further studies are needed in order to find a strategy that prevents the increase in systemic blood pressure and heart rate both. .

Justificativa e objetivos: Laringoscopia e intubação podem causar resposta hemodinâmica. Vários medicamentos podem ser usados para controlar essa resposta. Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi comparar os efeitos de dexmedetomidina, fentanil e esmolol sobre a resposta hemodinâmica. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo prospectivo, randômico e duplo-cego 90 pacientes programados para cirurgias eletivas, com intubação endotraqueal, estado físico ASA I-II, entre 21 e 65 anos. Pressões arteriais médias, sistólicas, diastólicas e frequências cardíacas foram medidas ao darem entrada na sala de operações e registradas como valores basais. Os pacientes foram randomizados em três grupos: Grupo I (n = 30) recebeu 1 μg/kg de dexmedetomidina com infusão em 10 min; Grupo II (n = 30) recebeu 2 μg/kg de fentanil; Grupo III (n = 30) recebeu 2 mg/kg de esmolol 2 min antes da indução. Os pacientes foram intubados em 3 min. As pressões médias, sistólicas e diastólicas e as frequências cardíacas foram medidas antes da indução, antes da intubação e nos minutos 1, 3, 5 e 10 após a intubação. Resultados: Quando os níveis basais foram comparados entre os grupos, verificou-se que nos minutos 5 e 10 pós-intubação as frequências cardíacas no Grupo I e as pressões arteriais médias, sistólicas e diastólicas no Grupo III estavam mais baixas do que em outros tempos mensurados (p <0,05 ). Conclusões: Dexmedetomidina foi superior na prevenção de taquicardia. Esmolol preveniu o aumento das pressões arteriais médias, sistólicas e diastólicas após a intubação. Concluímos que estudos adicionais são necessários para descobrir uma estratégia que previna tanto o aumento ...

Justificación y objetivos: La laringoscopia y la intubación pueden causar una respuesta hemodinámica. Varios medicamentos pueden ser usados para controlar esa respuesta. En este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue comparar los efectos de la dexmedetomidina, el fentanilo y el esmolol sobre la respuesta hemodinámica. Métodos: Noventa pacientes programados para cirugías electivas con intubación endotraqueal, estado físico ASA I-II, y edades entre 21 y 65 años, se incluyeron en el estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado y doble ciego. Las presiones arteriales medias, sistólicas, diastólicas y las frecuencias cardíacas se midieron cuando los pacientes llegaron al quirófano y se registraron como valores basales. Los pacientes fueron aleatorizados en 3 grupos: el grupo i (n = 30) recibió 1 μg/kg de dexmedetomidina con infusión en 10 min; el grupo ii (n = 30) recibió 2 μg/kg de fentanilo; el grupo iii recibió 2 mg/kg de esmolol 2 min antes de la inducción. Los pacientes fueron intubados en 3 min. Las presiones medias, sistólicas y diastólicas y las frecuencias cardíacas fueron medidas antes de la inducción, antes de la intubación y durante los minutos 1, 3, 5 y 10 después de la intubación. Resultados: Cuando los niveles basales fueron comparados entre los grupos, verificamos que en los minutos 5 y 10 la postintubación, las frecuencias cardíacas en el grupo i y las presiones arteriales medias, sistólicas y diastólicas en el grupo iii eran más bajas que en otros tiempos medidos (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: La dexmedetomidina fue superior en la prevención de la taquicardia. El esmolol previno el aumento de las presiones arteriales medias, sistólicas y diastólicas después de la intubación. Concluimos que son necesarios algunos estudios adicionales para descubrir una estrategia ...

Association between factors predicting and assessing the airway and use of intubating laryngeal mask airway

The Intubating Laryngeal Mask Airway Fastrach[TM] [ILMA] has been used with success in difficult intubation cases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of mouth opening, Mallampati classification, thyromental distance and Cormack-Lehane Grade, on the ease of ILMA use. Eighty one patients ASA I-II, were assessed preoperatively for mouth opening, Mallampati classification and thyromental distance. After induction with propofol and rocuronium, the first investigator recorded Cormack-Lehane Grade by direct laryngoscopy. Subsequently an appropriate size ILMA was inserted by the second investigator and correct placement was confirmed by adequate ventilation and normal capnogram. A maximum of three ILMA insertion attempts were allowed and the number was recorded. Then blind intubation was attempted and classified as follows, according to Intubation Difficulty Grade [IDG]: IDG-1: intubation succeeded: at first attempt requiring no or minor ILMA manipulations. IDG-2: intubation succeeded at second attempt requiring major ILMA manipulations or size change. IDG-3: intubation failed after the second attempt or oesophageal intubation occurred at either attempt. In failure of the technique direct laryngoscopy was the alternative approach. Success rates in insertion of ILMA and in blind intubation were 100% and 92.6% respectively. No difference was found between Cormack-Lehane Grade I-II and II-IV or Mallampati classification and number of ILMA insertion attempts or IDG. There was also no correlation between mouth opening, or thyromental distance and number of ILMA insertion attempts or IDG. It is concluded that easiness of ILMA use is irrelevant to mouth opening, thyromental distance, Mallampati classification or Cormack-Lehane Grade

Resultados e complicações da entubação bicanalicular em dacriocistorrinostomia externa / Results and complications of bicanalicular intubation in external dacryocystorhinostomy

OBJETIVO: Analisar a taxa de sucesso e complicações em pacientes com obstrução lacrimal, submetidos à entubação bicanalicular na cirurgia de dacriocistorrinostomia externa (DCR-Ex). MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os dados dos pacientes operados no Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo. A entubação lacrimal foi realizada com tubo de silicone, removido após oito semanas. O sucesso da cirurgia foi considerado nos casos de pacientes sem epífora ou secreção ocular no pós-operatório, com boa passagem de fluido para a narina ou orofaringe. As complicações relacionadas com o tubo de silicone foram agrupadas em uma tabela. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes foram operados no período de abril de 2002 a julho de 2006, com tempo de seguimento médio de três meses. Do total de 65 olhos obteve-se uma taxa de sucesso de 89,2 por cento. Sete pacientes apresentaram epífora no pós-operatório, dos quais 5 foram reoperados. Em 7 olhos houve extrusão do silicone com menos de 15 dias de pós-operatório, e neste grupo 1 paciente necessitou de reoperação. Seis olhos apresentaram complicações com o silicone: prolapso do tubo (4 casos), formação de granuloma na cavidade nasal (1 caso) e aderência dos pontos lacrimais (1 caso). COCLUSÕES: Este grupo de pacientes apresentou taxa elevada de sucesso (89,2 por cento) com a cirurgia de DCR-Ex associada à entubação bicanalicular. A entubação intra-operatória com tubo de silicone não é isenta de complicações.

PURPOSE: To analyze the success rate and complications in patients with lacrimal obstruction submitted to surgeries. METHODS: The data of patients operated in the "Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual of São Paulo" were analyzed. The lacrimal intubation was performed with a silicone tube, removed after 8 weeks. Surgeries were considered successful in those cases where patients had no postoperative epiphora or ocular secretion, and with a good passage of fluid to the nose or oropharynx. The complications related to the silicone tube were grouped in a table. RESULTS: The patients were operated from April 2002 to July 2006 with an average follow-up period of three months. In a total of 65 eyes, success was obtained in 89.2 percent of the cases. Seven patients presented postoperative epiphora, and 5 of them were reoperated. In 7 eyes there was an extrusion of the silicone in less than 15 days from surgery, and in this group one patient needed a reoperation. Six eyes presented complications with the silicone: tube prolapse (4 cases), granuloma formation in the nasal cavity (1 case) and lacrimal puncta adhesion (1 case). CONCLUSIONS: This group of patients presented a high success rate with Ex-DCR surgery associated with lacrimal intubation. The intraoperative intubation with silicone tube is not free of complications.

Guia de cuidados de enfermagem na prevenção da extubação acidental / Guideline for nursing care in the prevention of accidental extubation / Conductas de enfermería para la prevención de la extubación accidental

Artigo que relata a experiência do emprego de um guia preventivo da extubação acidental que ocorre associada ao cuidado de enfermagem para os quatro momentos de maior incidência e que são: banho no leito, transporte, troca de fixação e mudança de decúbito. O conteúdo do guia está pautado nas recomendações encontradas em levantamento bibliográfico no MedLine e na experiência profissional. O guia vem sendo aplicado desde setembro de 2005. Espera-se que o guia contribua para diminuir cada vez mais a incidência da extubação acidental e por tanto seja uma ferramenta para desenvolver um indicador de qualidade na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, assim como, seja capaz de oferecer uma assistência que objetive a segurança do paciente.

Article reports the experience of the use of a preventive guideline for the prevention of accidental extubation that occurs associated nursing care for the four moments of bigger incidence that are: bath in the stream bed, transportation, exchange of setting and change of decubitus. The content of the guide is based in the recommendations found in bibliographical survey in the MedLine and in the professional experience. The guideline is being used since September, 2005. This contribution aims at decreasing extubation incidence and to be a tool to develop a quality indicator in Intensive Care Units as well as for offering an assistance that aims patient safety.

És un artículo que trata del empleo de un guía para orientar los cuidados de enfermería e evitar la extubación que ocurre con más frecuencia en cuatro tiempos: en el baño, la transferencia del enfermo, el cambio de la fixación y los cambios de posición en la cama. Su contenido se apoyo en la experiencia y en levantamiento bibliográfico en el Medline.Se ha venido usando desde septiembre de 2005 y hemos tenido solo dos extubaciones. Creemos que sirva para atender al enfermo con más seguranza así también como un indicador de calidad de enfermería.

Lacrimal Silicone Intubation for Anatomically Successful but Functionally Failed External Dacryocystorhinostomy

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of lacrimal silicone intubation for the management of epiphora in patients who have previously undergone anatomically successful dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). METHODS: The authors recruited 13 patients (4 male, 9 female) who had persistent epiphora after an anatomically successful primary external DCR and conducted lacrimal silicone intubation through the dacryocystorhinostomy site. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 54.2 years (range 42-80) and mean follow-up was 13.8 months (range 6-30). Epiphora was resolved in all 13 patients following silicone intubation. Spontaneous tube extrusion occurred in three patients, but a new one was easily reintubated. CONCLUSIONS: Lacrimal silicone intubation is a simple safe and effective procedure for patients with epiphora even after anatomically successful DCR.

Lacrimal Silicone Intubation for Anatomically Successful but Functionally Failed External Dacryocystorhinostomy

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of lacrimal silicone intubation for the management of epiphora in patients who have previously undergone anatomically successful dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). METHODS: The authors recruited 13 patients (4 male, 9 female) who had persistent epiphora after an anatomically successful primary external DCR and conducted lacrimal silicone intubation through the dacryocystorhinostomy site. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 54.2 years (range 42-80) and mean follow-up was 13.8 months (range 6-30). Epiphora was resolved in all 13 patients following silicone intubation. Spontaneous tube extrusion occurred in three patients, but a new one was easily reintubated. CONCLUSIONS: Lacrimal silicone intubation is a simple safe and effective procedure for patients with epiphora even after anatomically successful DCR.

Newly Designed Sheaths for Gastroduodenal Intervention: An Experimental Study in a Phantom and Dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of newly designed sheaths for gastroduodenal intervention in a gastric phantom and dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A regular sheath was made using a polytetrafluoroethylene tube (4 mm in diameter, 90 cm long) with a bent tip (4 cm long, 100 degree angle). For the supported type of sheath, a 5 Fr catheter was attached to a regular sheath to act as a side lumen. To evaluate their supportability, we measured the distance of movement of the sheath's tip within a silicone gastric phantom for three types of sheath, the regular type, supported type, and supported type with a supporting guide wire. The experiments were repeated 30 times, and the results were analyzed using ANOVA with the postHoc test. In addition, an animal experiment was performed in six mongrel dogs (total: 12 sessions) to evaluate the torque and supportability of the sheaths in the stomach, while pushing a guide wire or coil catheter under fluoroscopic guidance. RESULTS: In the guide wire application, the distances of movement of the sheath tip in the three types of sheath, the regular type, supported type, and supported type with supporting guide wire, were 8.40+/-0.51 cm, 6.23+/-0.41 cm, and 4.47+/-0.32 cm, respectively (p < 0.001). In the coil catheter application, the corresponding values were 7.22+/-0.70 cm, 5.61+/-0.31 cm and 3.91+/-0.59 cm, respectively (p < 0.001). All three types of sheath rotated smoothly and enabled both the wires and catheters to be guided toward the pylorus of the dog in all cases. CONCLUSION: The newly designed sheaths can be useful for gastroduodenal intervention.

Intubación transmilohioidea-traqueal en cirugías craneomaxilofaciales / Transmylohyoideus intubation in craniomaxillofacial surgery

La cirugía craneomaxilofacial obliga al anestesiólogo a compartir la misma área de trabajo con el cirujano. Cuando éste debe realizar operaciones en el sector nasal y mandibular en forma simultánea, el anestesiólogo debe, muchas veces, cambiar el tubo endotraqueal de forma nasal a oral en el mismo acto quirúrgico. Hasta la aparición de esta técnica que hoy describimos, muchas de estas cirugías obligaban a realizar una traqueostomía. La técnica de intubación transmilohioidea permite asegurar el tubo endotraqueal en un área que no será invadida por el cirujano y retira del campo quirúrgico el manejo de la vía aérea; permite el bloqueo intermaxilar y el trabajo en el tercio medio de la cara sin obstáculos.

cuffed oropharyngeal airway as an aid to fiberoptic intubation

The cuffed oropharyngeal airway [COPA] was evaluated as an aid to oral and nasal fibreoptic [FOP] tracheal intubation in 50 adult patients during general anesthesia. The patients were divided into two groups, 25 each, one group incubated with COPA + FOP and the other group with FOP only. In COPA + FOP group, the overall success rate was 96% and failure was 4% in comparison with 88% success and 12% failure in the other group. The side effects as hypoxia due to the more than one attempt for incubation and rescue use of muscle relaxant were less in the COPA + FOP group than the other FOP only group. It can be concluded that the COPA may be a useful aid to fibreoptic tracheal intubation allowing control and support of the airway during the procedure and using various anesthetic techniques in an acceptable amount of time. The ability to perform fibreoptic tracheal incubation while supporting effectively the airway using the COPA may be advantageous in managing the difficult airway and in trainee education

Asymptomatic T-tube remnant in common bile duct.

A 46-year-old lady presented with itching, five years after a primary common bile duct repair following cholecystectomy. Prior to this she underwent an interno-external biliary drainage. At laparotomy the horizontal limb of a T-tube was found in the common hepatic duct. Eleven months after a Roux loop hepatico-jejunostomy she is asymptomatic.

Ventilación mecánica selectiva (de un pulmón) en cirugía del paciente con trauma torácico / Selective mechanical ventilation (one lung) in the surgery of chest trauma

El paciente con trauma de pecho que va a ser sometido a cirugía torácica puede requerir durante el transoperatorio que se aislé un pulmón para evitar contaminación o que la distribución de la ventilación sea separada e individualiza. La ventilación mecánica selectiva es un buen recurso en el manejo del paciente con trauma torácico severo cuyas características deben de ser indivualizadas debido a las alteraciones fisiopatológicas desencadenadas por el mismo trauma. Revisaremos las características de la ventilación mecánica selectiva (de un pulmón) en trauma torácico agregando nuestra experiencia en el manejo de éste tipo de pacientes en nuestro hospital

Intubación bronquial selectiva: ¿Qué hay de nuevo en la utilidad de las sondas de doble luz? / What is new about usefulness of the double lumen tubes?

El empleo de sondas de doble luz tiene indicaciones precisas en cirugía pulmonar, ortopédica, cardiovascular, oncológica, de tubo digestivo a nivel torácico y en las unidades de cuidados intensivos respiratorios. En la cirugía de tórax, la intubación selectiva proporcional el aislamiento pulmonar evitando la contaminación el pulmón sano con secreciones y/o sangrado proveniente del pulmón enfermo. En las fístulas broncopleurocutáneas, la fuga aérea del volumen corriente se evita con la utilización de estas sondas. Las sondas de doble luz presentan una evolución en sus características físicas desde su aparición hasta la actualidad, la sonda tipo Carlens con espolón carinal tiene la posibilidad de lesionar el árbol traqueobronquial y por contar con una luz interna en forma oval, aumenta la resistencia en la vía aérea, dificultando la ventilación y la aspiración de secreciones; la de tipo Robertshaw, por su material de fabricación y diseño minimiza el trauma de la vía aérea, facilita la técnica de intubación, disminuye la resistencia para la ventilación y proporciona un margen de seguridad adecuado para la intubación bronquial selectiva, dependiendo todo ésto de la marca de fabricación. Por tanto, es imprescindible conocer las características físicas de las sondas, seleccionar el tamaño adecuado para cada paciente, dar la profundidad requerida, obtener el mayor margen de seguridad, aplicar las diferentes técnicas de intubación selectiva y adecuar la presión en el inflado de los globos para minimizar el daño al árbol traqueobronquial y así obtener el mayor beneficio de la utilización de estas sondas

Percutaneous sump drainage of pancreatic abscess.

Pigtail drainage often falls to drain thick, infected collections. Percutaneous wide-bore sump drainage has been successfully used in such cases. We report one such case of pancreatic abscess which was successfully managed using an indigenously made percutaneous sump drain.

Intercostal tube drainage of pleura: urosac as chest drainage bag.

Chest drainage bags are an alternative to underwater seal drainage. Urosac functions on the same principles and therefore can be used as a cheap and easily available substitute. 40 patients requiring intercostal tube drainage (ICD) were included in the study. 29 pneumothoraces and 11 pleural effusions of various etiologies were treated with intercostal drain attached to urosac bag. The period of ICD ranged from 4 days to 106 days. 2 patients were treated at home for prolonged periods without any complications. Urosac used as a chest drainage bag is safe and effective and can be used as an alternative to underwater seal drainage with several advantages.

Métodos de comprobación de intubación traqueal correcta / Methods to confirm correct tracheal intubation

Se reseñan los distintos métodos de comprobación de una correcta intubación traqueal. El balón autoinsuflable y la capnografía son los métodos más seguros para una adecuada intubación